FAMILIARIZATION OF THE COMPUTING TOOL


OBJECTIVE

·  To familiarize with the scientific computing tool

LEARNING OUTCOMES

·    After the completion of this experiment students will be able to compile and run a MATLAB® code.

·     Execute small scripts using if, for and while statements

 

SOFTWARE USED:

                 MATLAB® R2017a

THEORY

MATLAB is a programming language developed by MathWorks. It started out as a matrix programming language where linear algebra programming was simple. It can be run both under interactive sessions and as a batch job. This experiment gives you a gentle introduction of MATLAB programming language. It is designed to give students fluency in MATLAB programming language.  MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a fourth-generation high-level programming language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization and programming.

It allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, and FORTRAN, analyze data, develop algorithms and create models and applications.

It has numerous built-in commands and math functions that help you in mathematical calculations, generating plots, and performing numerical methods.

MATLAB's Power of Computational Mathematics

MATLAB is used in every facet of computational mathematics. Following are some commonly used mathematical calculations where it is used most commonly.

  • Dealing with Matrices and Arrays
  • 2-D and 3-D Plotting and graphics
  • Linear Algebra
  • Algebraic Equations
  • Non-linear Functions
  • Statistics
  • Data Analysis
  • Calculus and Differential Equations
  • Numerical Calculations
  • Integration
  • Transforms
  • Curve Fitting
  • Various other special functions

 Features of MATLAB

Following are the basic features of MATLAB

·        It is a high-level language for numerical computation, visualization and application development.

·        It also provides an interactive environment for iterative exploration, design and problem solving.

·        It provides vast library of mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering, optimization, numerical integration and solving ordinary differential equations.

·        It provides built-in graphics for visualizing data and tools for creating custom plots.

·        MATLAB's programming interface gives development tools for improving code quality maintainability and maximizing performance.

·        It provides tools for building applications with custom graphical interfaces.

·        It provides functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and languages such as C, Java, .NET and Microsoft Excel.

Uses of MATLAB

MATLAB is widely used as a computational tool in science and engineering encompassing the fields of physics, chemistry, math and all engineering streams. It is used in a range of applications including

  • Signal Processing and Communications
  • Image and Video Processing
  • Control Systems
  • Test and Measurement
  • Computational Finance
  • Computational Biology

 

LAB EXERCISE

(a) Needs and requirements in scientific computing

Scientific Computing is the collection of tools, techniques, and theories required to solve on a computer mathematical models of problems in Science and Engineering.
A majority of these tools, techniques, and theories originally developed in Mathematics, many of them having their genesis long before the advent of electronic computers. This set of mathematical theories and techniques is called Numerical Analysis (or Numerical Mathematics) and constitutes a major part of scientific computing.

The development of the electronic computer, however, signaled a new era in the approach to the solution of scientific problems. Many of the numerical methods that had been developed for the purpose of hand calculation (including the use of desk calculators for the actual arithmetic) had to be revised and sometimes abandoned. Many of these considerations – programming languages, operating systems, management of large quantities of data, correctness of programs – were subsumed under the new discipline of Computer Science, on which scientific computing now depends heavily. But mathematics itself continues to play a major role in scientific computing: it provides the language of the mathematical models that are to be solved and information about the suitability of a model. In summary, then, scientific computing draws on mathematics and computer science to develop the best way to use computer systems to solve problems from science and engineering.

(b) Familiarization of MATLAB

MATLAB development IDE can be launched from the icon created on the desktop. The main working window in MATLAB is called the desktop. When MATLAB is started, the desktop appears in its default layout



The desktop has the following panels −

·        Current Folder − This panel allows you to access the project folders and files.



Command Window − This is the main area where commands can be entered at the command line. It is indicated by the command prompt (>>).



Workspace − The workspace shows all the variables created and/or imported from files.



Command History − This panel shows or return commands that are entered at the command line.



I. Type the following in the command window and write down the results

(1) x=3

(2) x=7*8;

y=x*1.28       

(3) clear all

(4) initial_velocity = 0;

acceleration = 9.8;

time = 20;

final_velocity = initial_velocity + acceleration * time

(5) x = sqrt(16)

(6) clc

(7) help sqrt

(8) disp a

(9) a=2;

disp(a)

(c) Familiarization of data types in the language used

MATLAB does not require any type declaration or dimension statements. Whenever MATLAB encounters a new variable name, it creates the variable and allocates appropriate memory space. Data Types Available in MATLAB

MATLAB provides 15 fundamental data types. Every data type stores data that is in the form of a matrix or array. The size of this matrix or array is a minimum of 0-by-0 and this can grow up to a matrix or array of any size.

Sr.No.

Data Type & Description

1

int8

8-bit signed integer

2

uint8

8-bit unsigned integer

3

int16

16-bit signed integer

4

uint16

16-bit unsigned integer

5

int32

32-bit signed integer

6

uint32

32-bit unsigned integer

7

int64

64-bit signed integer

8

uint64

64-bit unsigned integer

9

single

single precision numerical data

10

double

double precision numerical data

11

logical

logical values of 1 or 0, represent true and false respectively

12

char

character data (strings are stored as vector of characters)

13

cell array

array of indexed cells, each capable of storing an array of a different dimension and data type

14

structure

C-like structures, each structure having named fields capable of storing an array of a different dimension and data type

15

function handle

pointer to a function

16

user classes

objects constructed from a user-defined class

17

java classes

objects constructed from a Java class

 

(d) Familiarization of the syntax of while, for, if statements.

II (1) Execute a script (m file) to check whether a number is divisible by 3

PROCEDURE

1.      Open MATLAB®

2.       Open new M-file

3.      Type the program

4.      Save in current directory

5.      Compile and Run the program

6.      For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM

clc;

clear all;

close all;

a=input('enter value of a');

if  mod(a,3)==0

    disp ('divisible by 3')

else

    disp ('not divisible by 3')

end


INPUT

enter value of a 12

OUTPUT

divisible by 3

 (2) Execute a script (m file) to check whether a number is prime or not using while loop

PROGRAM

clc;

clear all;

close all;

n=input('enter number');

i=2;

while i<=n/2

    if mod(n,i)==0

        flag=1;

        break;

    end

    i=i+1;

end

if n==1

disp('neither prime nor composite');

else

    if flag==1

        disp('not prime');

    else

        disp('prime');

    end

end

   

 (3) Execute a script (m file) to check whether a number is prime or not using for loop

PROGRAM

clc;

clear all;

close all;

n=input('enter number');

for i=2:n/2

    if mod(n,i)==0

        flag=1;

        break;

    end

end

 

if n==1

disp('neither prime nor composite')

else

    if flag==1

        disp('not prime')

    else

        disp('prime')

    end

end

 

INPUT

enter number 12

OUTPUT

not prime

   

(e) Basic syntax and execution of small scripts.

 

III  1. Execute a script (m file) to create an array whose starting value is 100 and ends at 50 with a decrement of 7

PROGRAM

clc;

clear all;

close all;

a=[100:-7:50];

disp(a)


OUTPUT

[100    93    86    79   72    65    58    51 ]

 

2. Execute a script (m file) to add two matrices

PROGRAM

clc;

clear all;

close all;

a=[1 3;4 5;7 9];

b=[3 4;4 3;5 6];

c=a+b;

disp (c)

 

OUTPUT

 

     4     7

     8     8

    12    15

3. Execute a script (m file) to find transpose of a matrix

PROGRAM

clc;

clear all;

close all;

a=[1 3;4 5;7 9];

c=a';

disp (c)

 

OUTPUT

    1     4     7

     3     5     9

4. Execute a script (m file) to display the second row of a 3x3 matrix as the output

PROGRAM

clc;

clear all;

close all;

a=[1 3 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];

a(2,:)

 

OUTPUT

[4     5     6]

5. Execute a script (m file) to display the second row third column element of a 3x3 matrix as the output

PROGRAM

clc;

clear all;

close all;

a=[1 3 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];

a(2,3)

 

OUTPUT

ans =6

6. Execute a script (m file) to do element by element multiplication of 2 matrices

clc;

clear all;

close all;

a=[1 3 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];

b=[1 5 2;2 2 3; 1 2 3];

a.*b

 

OUTPUT

     1    15     6

     8    10    18

     7    16    27

 

INFERENCE:

Familiarized with MATLAB which is basically a scientific computing tool based on simulations

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